Determinants of Clean Water Accessibility at Muhammad Ali Kasim General Hospital, Gayo Lues: A Comprehensive Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61963/jpkt.v3i1.101Keywords:
Clean Water, Water Management, Healthcare Infrastructure, Sanitation StandardsAbstract
Introduction: The hospital staff exert an impact on the accessibility of potable water inside the hospital premises. The provision of uncontaminated water is crucial for the provision of essential services in hospitals. Both the quality and quantity of water must meet stringent standards to prevent the spread of infections and diseases within the hospital premises. Similarly, efficient drainage systems are necessary to ensure proper water distribution. Goal: Determine the variables that influence the accessibility of uncontaminated water at the Muhammad Ali Kasim Gayo Lues General Hospital in 2023. Method: This study employs an analytical survey research method utilizing a cross-sectional methodology. The research population consisted of 300 officers and personnel at the hospital. A sample of 75 individuals was selected using the Slovin formula approach. The data analysis included both univariate and bivariate analysis, utilizing logistic regression test statistics. The Analysis Result: The chi-square test analysis revealed that the p-values for each variable were as follows: p-value = 0.010 for method, p-value = 0.000 for machine, p-value = 0.000 for material, and p-value = 0.003 for money. Conclusion: The availability of clean water is influenced by factors such as human activity, techniques used, machinery involved, materials used, and financial resources. It is expected that the hospital will prioritize and foresee the provision of water inside the hospital premises to provide an adequate and high-quality supply for everyday activities.
References
Afriani, B. (2017). The Role of Health Workers and the Availability of Clean Water Facilities in the Incidence of Diarrhea. Jurnal Aisyah: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 2(2), 117-122. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v2i2.39
Apriatna, M. T. (2020). Analisa kebutuhan air bersih dan limbah di rumah sakit pratama Manggelewa. Retrieved from https://repository.ummat.ac.id/5960/
Arifin, S., Purnomo, E., & Rahayu, M. (2020). Optimization of clean water distribution systems in Jember Regency using GIS and hydraulic modeling. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 69(7), 748-756. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.039
Bain, R. E. S., Wright, J. A., Christenson, E., & Bartram, J. K. (2014). Rural-urban inequalities in post-2015 targets and indicators for drinking water. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 509-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.007
Bartram, J., & Cairncross, S. (2018). Hygiene, sanitation, and water: Global perspectives on public health. PLOS Medicine, 15(5), e1002567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002567
Baum, R., Luh, J., & Bartram, J. (2016). Sanitation: A global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(4), 1994-2000. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303167t
Brogan, J. M., Green, J., Morales, R., & Pulcini, J. (2019). Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene: A review of outbreaks and challenges in humanitarian platforms. Journal of Water and Health, 17(2), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.294
Cairncross, S., Hunt, C., Boisson, S., Bostoen, K., Curtis, V., Fung, I. C. H., & Schmidt, W. P. (2010). Water, sanitation, and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhea. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(Suppl 1), i193–i205. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq035
Clasen, T., Boisson, S., Routray, P., Cumming, O., Jenkins, M. W., Ensink, J. H. J., Bell, M., Freeman, M. C., Peppin, S., Schmidt, W. P., & Cairncross, S. (2014). Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: A cluster-randomized trial. The Lancet Global Health, 2(11), e645–e653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9
Cronk, R., & Bartram, J. (2017). Environmental conditions in health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: Coverage and inequalities. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(4), 693-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.002
Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., Ehiri, J. E., Meremikwu, M. M., & Critchley, J. A. (2015). Hand washing for preventing diarrhea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub3
Fawell, J., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2013). Contaminants in drinking water: Environmental pollution and health. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg027
Gleick, P. H., Cooley, H., & Katz, D. (2018). The world's water: The biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-484-0
Hartati, A. Y., Purnomo, E., & Setyawan, A. (2019). Evaluation of the Need and Availability of Clean Water in Well 1 RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. Journal of Environmental Management, 234, 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.014
Herlambang, S. (2016). Manajemen pelayanan kesehatan rumah sakit (1st ed.). Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Hunter, P. R., Zmirou-Navier, D., & Hartemann, P. (2010). Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries. Science of the Total Environment, 408(13), 2621-2624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.036
Jain, S. K., Sahanoon, O. K., & Shrestha, S. (2014). Water supply and sanitation in Ghana. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 1(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-014-0016-7
Jasper, C., Le, T.-T., & Bartram, J. (2012). Water and sanitation in schools: A systematic review of the health and educational outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(8), 2772-2787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772
Kelly, E. R., Gupta, V., & Marshall, W. L. (2018). Water infrastructure management in healthcare settings. Journal of Environmental Management, 228, 567-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.023
Levy, K., Hubbard, A. E., & Eisenberg, J. N. S. (2016). Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(6), 1487-1496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp230
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D. R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2018). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 366(9481), 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7
McMichael, C. (2021). Water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in low-income countries: Past, present, and future. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 227, 113572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113572
Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2019). Regulation Number 7 of 2019 concerning Hospital Environmental Health. Official Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108712
Odonkor, S. T., & Ampofo, J. K. (2013). Escherichia coli as an indicator of bacteriological quality of water: An overview. Microbiology Research, 4(1), e2. https://doi.org/10.4081/mr.2013.e2
Pichler, F., Thornton, J. W., & Mulder, D. (2020). Addressing rural health care infrastructure needs: A review. Health Services Research, 55(6), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13548
Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford Jr., J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A. D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P. R., Johnston, R. B., Mathers, C., Mäusezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., ... & Cairncross, S. (2014). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 894-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329
Republic of Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang No 44 Tahun 2009 Tentang Rumah Sakit.
Rinaldi, A. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan manajemen penanganan limbah medis padat di Rumah Sakit Teuku Umar Calang Kabupaten Aceh Jaya. Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 11-41.
Satterthwaite, D., Archer, D., Colenbrander, S., Dodman, D., Hardoy, J., & Patel, S. (2020). Water sanitation and health in urban poor communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1589.
Schneider, F., Klugman, J., & Sassi, F. (2017). Health infrastructure and social outcomes: A global perspective. Journal of Health Economics, 55, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.05.003
Schwab, K. J., Deering, L. A., & Harris, A. R. (2019). Improving water quality to prevent infectious diseases. Water Quality Research Journal, 34(4), 437-445. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2019.027
Semenza, J. C., Herbst, S., Rechenburg, A., Suk, J. E., Höser, C., Schreiber, C., & Kistemann, T. (2012). Climate change impact assessment of food- and waterborne diseases. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42(8), 857-890. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.534706
Shaheed, A., Orgill, J., Montgomery, M. A., Jeuland, M. A., & Brown, J. (2014). Why "improved" water sources are not always safe. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.119594
Shields, K. F., Bain, R. E. S., Cronk, R., Wright, J. A., & Bartram, J. K. (2015). Association of supply type with fecal contamination of source water and household stored drinking water in developing countries: A bivariate meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(12), 1222-1231. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409002
Tallon, P., Magajna, B., Lofranco, C., & Leung, K. T. (2017). Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in water: A current perspective. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 166, 139-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9273-7
Thomson, P., Hope, R., & Foster, T. (2020). Rethinking water management in health facilities: Addressing infrastructure challenges. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112632
Velleman, Y., & Greenland, K. (2016). WASH and health: A report on the state of the world’s water. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0150737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150737
Vogt, R. L., & Dippold, L. (2015). Escherichia coli O157 outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef, June–July 2002. Public Health Reports, 120(2), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000209
Wang, X., Hunter, P. R., & Teunis, P. F. (2013). The impact of recent drinking water quality failures on the perception of tap water safety in the Netherlands. Journal of Water and Health, 11(3), 464-472. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.192
Wiharja, S. P. (2019). Pembangunan infrastruktur sumber daya air bagi kebutuhan masyarakat. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota, 15(2), 175-184.
Williams, A. R., Williamson, R., & Walker, M. (2016). The impact of climate change on water, sanitation, and hygiene in developing countries: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 10(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.004
Winter, J., Craig, E., & Luyt, C. (2014). Water quality monitoring and assessments in developing countries: A sustainable approach. Water Research, 67, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.022
Wolf, J., Prüss-Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., Cairncross, S., Clasen, T., Colford Jr., J. M., Curtis, V., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P. R., Johnston, R. B., Mathers, C., Mäusezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., ... & Cairncross, S. (2019). Systematic review: Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(12), 023002. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409002
World Bank. (2019). WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) and health in health care facilities. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1379-9
World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916643645
Wright, J. A., Gundry, S. W., & Conroy, R. (2020). Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13484
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Perilaku Kesehatan Terpadu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in Register: Jupiter Perilaku Kesehatan Terpadu. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Register's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Register permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Register on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
The right to self-archive the article (please read out deposit policy),
The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Register will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Register will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Register entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Register will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Register's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.